Almost every sacred site in Israel requires modest dress: shoulders covered and knees covered for both men and women. Some sites (particularly mosques and certain churches) also require head coverings for women. Enforcement varies — the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is strict, while smaller churches are more lenient.
What works: Lightweight long pants or capris, a t-shirt with sleeves (not tank top), and a scarf you can throw over your shoulders. Linen and breathable cotton are your friends in the heat. A maxi skirt is perfect for women.
At the Western Wall: Men must wear a head covering (kippot are provided free at the entrance). Women do not need a head covering but must have shoulders and knees covered. The dress code is the same whether you're praying or just visiting.
At mosques: Shoes off. Women: head, shoulders, and legs fully covered. Loose clothing preferred. The Dome of the Rock is generally closed to non-Muslim visitors, but the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (Temple Mount) can be visited during limited hours.
